Swarthmore College
OP-5: Building Energy Consumption

Part 1

Institution has reduced its total building energy consumption per gross square foot/metre of floor area compared to a baseline.

Part 2

Institution’s annual building energy consumption is less than the minimum performance threshold of 65 Btu per gross square foot per Fahrenheit degree day (389 Btu per gross square metre per Celsius degree day).

Performance for Part 2 of this credit is assessed using EUI-adjusted floor area, a figure that accounts for significant differences in energy use intensity (EUI) between types of building space (see G. Standards and Terms).

This credit applies to all institutions.

Each part is scored independently. Points earned are calculated according to the formulas below. Please note that users do not have to calculate the number of points earned themselves; points will be calculated automatically when the data listed under E. Reporting Fields is entered in the online Reporting Tool.  

Part 1

Institutions earn the maximum of 3 points available for Part 1 of this credit by reducing building energy consumption per gross square foot/metre of floor area by 50 percent compared to a baseline. Partial points are awarded based on the reduction achieved. For example, an institution that reduced building energy consumption per gross square foot/metre of floor area by 25 percent would earn 1.5 points (half of the points available for Part 1 of this credit).

Scoring for Part 1 is based on source energy, a figure that accounts for the energy used off-site to generate and transport grid-purchased electricity and district steam/hot water to the institution. For scoring purposes, grid-purchased electricity and district steam/hot water are converted to source energy through the use of an appropriate source-site ratio.

The STARS Reporting Tool calculates total building energy consumption (source energy) according to the following formula:

Total building energy consumption (source energy) = [A – (B + D)] + (B ×C) + (D × E)

A = Total building energy consumption, all sources (MMBtu)

B = Grid-purchased electricity (MMBtu)

C = Source-site ratio for grid-purchased electricity (see F. Measurement)

D = District steam/hot water (MMBtu)

E = Source-site ratio for district steam/hot water (see F. Measurement)

Points earned for Part 1 of this credit are calculated according to the formula below. STARS awards only positive points; points will not be deducted if building energy consumption per gross square foot/metre of floor area increased rather than decreased during the time period.

Points Earned = 6 × { [ (A/B) - (C/D) ] / (A/B) }

A = Total building energy consumption (source energy), baseline year (MMBtu)

B = Gross floor area of building space, baseline year (gross square feet/metres)

C = Total building energy consumption (source energy), performance year (MMBtu)

D = Gross floor area of building space, performance year (gross square feet/metres)

Part 2

An institution earns the maximum of 3 points available for Part 2 when its annual building energy consumption is 90 percent or more below the minimum performance threshold of 65 Btu per gross square foot per Fahrenheit degree day (389 Btu per gross square metre per Celsius degree day).

Incremental points are awarded based on the institution’s performance below the threshold. For example, an institution whose annual building energy consumption per gross square foot per degree day is 35.75 Btu (i.e. 45 percent below the 65 Btu threshold) would earn 1.5 points (half of the points available for Part 2).

Scoring for Part 2 of this credit is based on site energy and an EUI-adjusted floor area figure that accounts for significant differences in energy use intensity (EUI) between types of building space.

Points earned for Part 2 of this credit are calculated according to the following formula:

Points Earned = 3⅓ × { [ (A) – (B/C)/D ] / A }

A = Minimum performance threshold (in MMBtu per square foot/metre per degree day)

B = Total building energy consumption (site energy), performance year (MMBtu)

C = EUI-adjusted floor area, performance year (square feet/metres)

D = Total degree days, performance year (heating + cooling)

See scoring tables and examples in the STARS Technical Manual.

Timeframe

Performance Year

Report the most recent data available from the three years prior to the anticipated date of submission. Institutions may use the most recent single year for which data is available or an average from throughout the period. Institutions may choose the annual start and end dates that work best with the data they have (e.g. fiscal or calendar year), as long as data are reported from a consecutive 12-month (or 3-year) period.

Report degree day and building space figures from the same time period as that from which energy consumption data are drawn (e.g. the consecutive 12-month or 3-year period that most closely overlaps with the building energy consumption performance period). Institutions may use average building space from throughout the period or a snapshot at a single representative point during the period.

Baseline Year

Report data from the baseline year, which may be:

• Any year from 2005 to the present
• A baseline year, 1990 to 2004, that the institution has adopted as part of its sustainability plans or policies or in the context of other reporting obligations

Recommended best practices for defining a baseline include:

• Using the average of three consecutive years to reduce the impact of outliers.
• Using the same baseline year for multiple credits to reduce reporting requirements. For example, institutions using 2005 for all STARS credits that are baseline-based would only have to calculate baseline weighted campus user data once.
• Ensuring that baseline and performance year data are valid and reliable (e.g. that the data were gathered in the same manner)

Institutions without valid and reliable historical data should use performance year data for both the baseline and performance year. Following this approach, an institution would not be able to claim points for reductions during its first STARS submission, but would be able to use its newly established baseline for subsequent submissions.

Institutions may choose the start and end dates that work best with the data they have (e.g. fiscal or calendar year), as long as data are reported from a consecutive 12-month (or 3-year) period.

Report degree day and building space data from the same period as that from which energy consumption data are drawn (e.g. the consecutive 12-month or 3-year period that most closely overlaps with the building energy consumption baseline period). Institutions may use average building space from throughout the period or a snapshot at a single representative point during the period.

Sampling and Data Standards

Include all building energy consumption, i.e. all stationary energy that was consumed by the institution (as the institution is defined in the overall STARS institutional boundary). Transportation fuels are excluded. Reporting on a sample or subset of buildings is not allowed for this credit.

Institutions that convert fuel on-site (e.g. on-campus cogeneration facilities and boilers) should report only the amount of fuel purchased/converted toward the total energy consumption figure, not the resulting heat, steam, hot/chilled water or electricity.

All reported energy consumption figures should be based on site energy (the amount of energy consumed by campus buildings) rather than source energy (the amount of energy consumed on campus plus the energy used off-site to generate and transport the energy to the institution). Source energy will be calculated automatically when the data listed under E. Reporting Fields is entered in the online Reporting Tool,

Consistent with U.S. EPA’s Portfolio Manager and available national standards, the following source-site ratios (i.e. primary energy factors) are used:

Institutions located outside the U.S. and Canada that have available national or regional primary energy factors (PEFs) for grid-purchased electricity may report those figures in lieu of the above and should document the source of the data in “Data source(s) and notes about the submission”. Please note that PEFs should be calculated on the basis that the PEF for on-site renewable energy equals 1 (as opposed to zero).

To aggregate energy consumption data from multiple sources, figures should be converted into MMBtu (one million British thermal units—a standard measure of energy) using the following equivalents:

A unit conversion tool that includes more detailed conversion factors (e.g. for liquid fuels) is available in the online STARS Reporting Tool (.xls).

Heating and cooling degree day data should use a base of 65 °F (18 °C) and be reported for the institution’s main campus location. Degree day data may be downloaded from DegreeDays.net (global data), Weather Data Depot (U.S. data), U.S. NOAA/National Weather Service (U.S. data), or another official source of national or international weather data.